Michael G. Cuna

From newborns to the elderly, exposure to violence and conflict has been found to have deleterious effects. In this study, we explore a unique type of violence: exposure to the Taliban. Pairing a field experiment with a field survey among citizens in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan, we examine how exposure to violence affects general trust, subjective well-being, and confidence in institutions. In our field experiment, we observe that exposure to conflict significantly alters the relative valuation of monetary rewards for oneself compared to those for a comparable peer. Specifically, individuals subjected to violence demonstrate a marked tendency to prioritize their own financial gain over that of a similar other.  In the survey, we find that exposure to violence is associated with reduced general trust, trust in informal institutions, and subjective well-being. Interestingly, being exposed to violence increases trust in formal institutions.  Our combined results highlight that the interplay between violence and trust dynamics is complex and highly consequential.  In turn, the policy implications highlight the need for a multifaceted strategy to support individuals and communities affected by violence, ensuring both immediate relief and long-term resilience.

Understanding the role of preferences, beliefs, and constraints on social and wealth inequities is a key unlock for economic growth.  This study focuses on the inter-relationship between risk and ambiguity preferences of mothers, their early childhood investments, and their children's outcomes.  To do so, we jointly elicit ambiguity attitude and risk aversion preference parameters from more than 6000 randomly sampled mothers from nearly 500 villages in the district of Udaipur in Rajasthan, India. Across several measures of mothers' investment in nutrition of their children between the ages of 0-6, we find a robust and stable positive correlation of estimated ambiguity attitude and risk aversion parameters with maternal investments in children:  the more risk and ambiguity averse the mother, the greater her maternal investments.  Such investments are correlated with better children's cognitive and non-cognitive skills, as mothers with greater risk and ambiguity aversion have children with superior skills, even after accounting for socio-economic differences. Importantly, the positive effect of ambiguity and risk aversion on early-life outcomes can attenuate the negative impact of proxies of socio-economic disadvantage, such as illiteracy of the mothers, belonging to historically discriminated social groups, no exposure to radio, television, or zero access to mobile phones for all measures of cognitive and non-cognitive early-life skills. 

Using a field experiment with mothers in Rajasthan, India, we document substantial divergence between stated early childhood vaccination intentions and actual vaccination uptake. The information intervention significantly increased positive survey responses on stated willingness to take up the remaining vaccinations for their children, but had negligible effects on actual vaccination rates. We develop a model to make precise predictions regarding mechanisms - social signaling and construct validity- that might influence discrepancies between survey responses and real outcomes.